Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics and Values between Research Paper

Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics and Values between For-Profit and Not-for-Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example Various companies claim to have the best corporate environment in their respective cultures but there are several discrepancies and deviations in them. Abolishment of organizational ethics can be observed in companies and yet they claim to be the best in market. The purpose of this paper is to examine such circumstances in a profit organization- Apple Inc. and a nonprofit organization- International Red Crescent. What sort of organizational ethics play into action in these firms and how are they following the code of ethics is the essence of the paper. What kind of culture is prevailing in the decision making process- authoritative or democratic etc. Examining the current status of employees, management practices and their relationship with the ethical management theories will be illustrated. What processes the companies have applied to remain competitive in the industry and are the mission & vision matching with their respective actions etc or not. In depth analysis of both these co mpanies will be done to acquire concrete knowledge. Part 1: International Red Cross: Company Profile The International Red Cross movement is a world renowned nonprofit humanitarian movement for the welfare of human race. It has the legacy to help out human beings irrespective of any race, color or religion. The motto of this movement is to protect human lives, cure them from diseases and prevent their sufferings. This movement has been working globally having stations in almost every country of the world. The Red Cross movement has its subsidiaries working in countries by the name of National Red Cross; however the mother organization remains as International Red Cross. Red Cross joined hands with the Red Crescent movement so that humanitarian services would be expanded and an overall impact all over the globe could be made. The efforts of the merger of both these organizations gave a powerful message that humanity first. The establishment of International Red Cross and Red Crescent movement was essential as they got immense aid and their humanitarian services also spread out. This movement is highly acknowledged by the governments of the world and in the time of war, floods, earthquakes or any unpleasant circumstances; International Red Cross & Red Crescent are the front row saviors of human lives. They have well qualified doctors, physicians, rescue team and technology. Due to their enormous fame and great services, government and people whole heartedly aid this organization. The efforts laid by Red Cross are verily outstanding and commendable. Ethical Dilemma at Red Cross Every organization faces tough and hard circumstances through which it has to pass victorious. Red Cross has faced several ethical dilemmas and it occurred due to numerous reasons. The biggest issue which Red Cross has been facing is the logistics problem. Logistics and Supply chain management is a big setback in the serving efforts of the organization. The proper management and allocation process still needs to be examined. There is no doubt about the services provided by Red Cross but most of them it is observed that there process is slowed down due to delay in supplies. The supply chain management department of Red Crescent has not been so active in the years and their service has not been up to the mark (Van Wassenhove, 2005). Delays in facilitating the affected masses have been due to shortage of supplies in which the negligence of supply chain department and

Strategic Positioning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Positioning - Essay Example A company with the aim of increasing competitive advantage becomes operationally effective from its rivals and produces extreme level of economic value by gaining advantage of cost or price premium in a distinct way. Competition exists among the companies through the internet for operational effectiveness. A company needs to develop distinctive strategic path in an attempt to be one step forward in this highly competitive world. Before implementing strategy a company provides emphasis on profitability besides growth. The company ought to improve its distinctive positioning even during the time of turmoil. The value chain needs to be highly integrated. A company needs to follow the six basic principles of strategic positioning with a view to maintain the distinctive positioning of strategy. The first principle is the ‘right goal’, which means higher return on long term investment. The economic value will be generated in sustained productivity as well as profitability by i mplementing strategy. The value of the economy is created when customer prices for the product exceed production cost. In the second proposition, the strategy of the company enables to set ‘value proposition’ which is different from that of competitors. ... This not only stimulates competitive advantage but make a strategy that is tough to replicate. The sixth or the last strategy is ‘continuity’ of direction; without it a company may not be able to develop distinctive skills and resources or create strong reputation with the customers (Michael Porter, 2001). Strategy positioning considers the industry structure of the organisation as a key independent variable in strategic analysis. The effective performance of the industry is based on the ‘strategy fit’ of the firm. The strategist identified the three generic strategies such as differentiation, low cost and focus from which one that fits the industry structure will be selected. The templates supplied by five forces find out the attractiveness of an industry. The industry attractiveness is depended on the five forces including power of buyer, power of supplier, substitute’s threats, threat of new entrance and intensity of rivalry among incumbents as a r esult revenue will be high. Strategy as ‘positioning’ balances both strategies as ‘planning’ as well as ‘SWOT’. It offered a technique that allowed in making accurate analysis of one of the key sections of the external environment of the industry (Business Strategy Review, 2003). 2.0 Criticisms The operational effectiveness associated with competition in a company leads to destructiveness and conflict for attrition. This will hinder the competition among the companies (Nirgudka, 2002). The models of Michael Porter are not valuable for strategy development and it has become useless tool from the manager’s tool box. This model can be best suitable in companies with new and traditional technique of management. Michael Porter is of the opinion

Rhino Poaching facts Essay Example for Free

Rhino Poaching facts Essay A total of 158 rhino have been poached since the beginning of the year. In the Kruger National Park, 116 rhino had been poached, the department of environmental affairs said in a statement. Thirteen were poached in North West, 12 in KwaZulu-Natal, nine in Mpumalanga and eight in Limpopo. Sixty-one people had been arrested: 38 of them alleged poachers and three alleged couriers, the department said. In the past week, two poachers were arrested in the KNP. Nine people had also been arrested at a game farm near Lephalale, in Limpopo, in connection with a rhino poaching incident on March 10. Over 630 rhino were killed by poachers in 2012. Rhino poaching debilitates the being of the rhinoceros. At present, the black rhinoceros is recorded as basically endangered, and the white rhinoceros is recorded as close endangered. Expanded levels of poaching are prodding the rhino closer and closer to eradication. Number of inhabitants in the dark rhino is presently bound at 4,840, while the white rhino is assessed to be near 20,000. Developing interest and costs for rhinoceros horn are driving poaching levels up. Different techniques are utilized to attempt and avoid rhino from falling prey to poachers yet the butcher and damaging of this jeopardized species proceeds unabated. The rhinos bear a certain measure of anxiety in the dehorning activity and once their horn has been evacuated, they no longer have that defense component. On the account of female rhinos, when they conceive a calf, they require the horn to encourage the baby rhino to its feet. The other hindrance of dehorning is that the horn develops back and the dehorning process must be rehashed on a general support all through the rhino’s lifetime. As a substitute for using cash on dehorning, we accept that the best and most financially savvy path to minimize the poaching and attempt to avoid the extinction of the species is to direct toxic substance to the horns. An agriculturist in South Africa finished this and he says the toxin, while savage to people, and has no impact on the rhino. This may appear to be an extraordinary measure yet the main route to counteract rhino poaching is to debilitate individuals from getting it and it would just need to be finished once to every rhino. Marks could be raised where rhinos are continued cautioning poachers that the horns are harmed. Warnings could additionally be issued through media fights worldwide and the saying might soon get around that utilization of rhino horn could demonstrate lethal The rhinoceros has an uncommon part inside its environment, and provided that it was to go terminated, different plants and creatures might endure. The rhino plays an exceptionally unique part because rhinos are mega-herbivores; they have an enormous effect on the environment. They smash ways through thick brush and woodland and clear a path for different creatures. Their waste enhances soil nourishment and structure, and holds seed that can sprout it claim instant heap of compost. They additionally burrow to make wallows; securing pools of water profiting different. Reference: http://www.environment.co.za/wildlife-endangered-species/rhino-poaching-in-south-africa.html, Published on: May 3, 2013 Impact of rhino poaching on the environment: 1. Rhino poaching often leaves baby rhinos to die or unborn rhino fetuses to never be born as it is often pregnant or nursing mothers who are poached. This affects the rhino population. 2. As large herbivores searching for more plants to eat, rhinos often charge through bushes and trees and make new paths for other animals so that they, too, can access food. Without the role of the rhino, animals have a harder time finding food. 3. The excrement of rhinos enriches the soil and its structure, ensuring that plants continue to grow in that area. Without their dung, soil fertility suffers. 4. Rhinos dig to creat esmall pools that collect water and help other animals like frogs and insects who use them to complete their life cycles. Without these wallows, other animal species suffer. 5. Rhinos are one of the animals that attracts tourists to the areas they live in. without the tourism dollars rhinos attract, conservation of the area is at risk.

Site Examination of Soil for Jubilee Line Extension

Site Examination of Soil for Jubilee Line Extension This is an interpretative geotechnical report of the Jubilee Line Extension which describes the extension from Green Park to Stratford running through South and East London. A site examination was undertaken by Soil Mechanics Ltd in 1990 for London Underground which was done as per the 1987 specifications for Ground Examination published by the Department of Transport (Attewell, 1995, p. 39).      Ã‚   This included Package 2 of the proposed Jubilee Line Extension, involving 20 boreholes out of which 18 boreholes were drilled using Cable Percussive and Rotary method was used to drill the remaining 2 boreholes situated in the Bermondsey region of London. Drilling works finished on the 14th November 1990. The main objective of the investigation was to examine the ground conditions of the soil above and beneath the site preceding the proposed tunneling in the Bermondsey region. The site shows the acquired borehole information of Package 2 and takes after the proposed tunneling course of the extension works southeast of London Bridge Station in Bermondsey, eastwards towards Canada Water in Rotherhithe. The site range in Eastings and Northings is linear, running from 533343, 179834 (BH401) in the east to 535222, 179445 (BH417) in the west. This principally takes after the River Thames at an interval of roughly 400m from the south bank over the linear run. The passage runs through the overland train line southeast of Tower Bridge Station towards South Bermondsey Station for around 600m before curving eastwards and east-north-eastwards underneath Jamaica Road to the recently proposed Bermondsey Tube Station. The tunnel route proceeds eastwards underneath Southwark Park and ends at the edge of Neptune Road and Moodkee Street on the Canada Estate. Over the site the street levels are moderately flat, going from 1.9mOD in the western, to 3.6mOD in the east. The site is situated on various strong and drifts stores at ground level as indicated in BGS solid and drift 1:50,000 maps (256 North London; 270 South London). The geological units which are probably going to be experienced over the site ranges from shallow to solid geological units are portrayed as follows from the youngest to oldest. As its name implies, Made Ground according to BGS are areas where the pre-existing ground surface have been massively altered by man-made activities such as excavation. The thickness of the made ground ranges from 0.30m to 5.00m consisting of a mix of concrete, rubble, brick and refuse intermingled with gravel and sands frequently within a matrix of silt or clay. Studying this man-made geological unit also helps to get information of the past land because it is often associated with unstable ground, unpredictable engineering conditions and contaminated materials (Ford,Kessler, Cooper, Price Humpage, 2010). These deposits are as a result of the urbanization and industrial development (Burland et al. 2001, p62). The deposits are around the River Thames, basically lying unconformably upon River Terrace Gravels (Ellison, 2004). The Alluvium is mainly comprised of silty clay and clayey silt, with beds of fine-to-coarse-grained sand with thickness of 1m to 15 m. Inter-bedded peat is known to happen eastwards of Southwark and Westminster, with the broadest deposits extending west to the Rotherhithe tunnel (Ellison, 2004). The River Terrace Gravels are comprised of variable quantities of sand and rock, deposited in a braided river system roughly 5km wide over the River Thames floodplain (Ellison, 2004). The deposits in this area of London are illustrative of the Terrace Gravel Formation, lying unconformably upon the solid geology of the region. The London Clay Formation is mainly argillaceous in its upper part, with the greater part of the development involving overconsolidated intensely bioturbated, fissured bluish-grey slightly calcareous, silty to extremely silty clay (Ellison, 2004) usually containing pyrite and carbonate solidifications (claystone) of ferroan calcite (Huggett, 1994 in Ellison, 2004). This upper part is frequently oxidized and weathered to a brown colouration colouration, while the basal unit is remarkably sandier and siltier than the upper horizons (Burland et al, 2001). Beneath the London Clay, this stratum is basically less than 1m thick (Burland et al 2001), and generally consist of sands, rock and stone beds (Hight et al. 2004; Ellison, 2004). The Lambeth Group is made up of the Reading formation, Woolwich formation and Upnor formation (Ellison Woods, 2004) and is divided into different lithological units. Recognized primarily inside cores in central and eastern London, this stratum comprises mainly of mottled clay, silty clay and sediments with hues including pale brown, pale grey-blue, dark brown, light green, red-brown and dark-red, based upon the oxidation condition of the constituents (Ellison, 2004). At the base of this unit overlaid sand and silt with minor tunneling and local ripple overlays are apparent (Hight et al, 2004). When compared to the Upper Mottled Clay there is no much difference, this lower horizon also includes purple to the list of potential colourations (Ellison, 2004). Moreover, it is also noted to contain carbonate nodules up to 0.5m in diameter, particularly in the top parts in east London these appear to have coalesced to form a limestone up to 1.6m thick (Hight et al, 2004) Circulated mostly in south London amongst Westminster and Bermondsey (Ellison et al,2004; Height et al, 2004), this strata have a maximum thickness of 3m, including grey shelly clay thinly inter-bedded with grey-brown and fine sand (Height et al, 2004). Generally, there is a feebly established shell bed up to 0.43m thick, while amongst Bermondsey and Lewisham a consistent grey limestone bed (the Paludina Limestone) can be distinguished, with a thickness of 0.1-1.83m (Ellison, 2004). Principally lying comformably on the Lower Shelly Clay, it is basically comprised of thinly interbedded and laminated fine- to medium-grained sands, silts and clays with scattered shells (Ellison, 2004). There is deposit of sand of thicknesses up to 4m likely covered channels are known to occur especially around the Lambeth and Bermondsey regions and contain pale olive to pale brown medium-grained very much sorted sands (Hight et at, 2004). Thickening from central London towards the south-east, this rests disconformably on the Lower Mottled Clay of the Reading Formation whilst the top of the unit is generally sharp with the Laminated Beds or the Upper Mottled Clay (Ellison, 2004). Dark grey to black clay is the dominant lithology with abundant shell fragments (Hight et al, 2004). A few beds are totally shaped of weakly cemented shells, while less regularly brownish-grey clay beds, slightly solidified with siderite (Ellison, 2004) are identifiable through this exceedingly variable stratum. An oyster-rich bed occurs close to the base (Hight et al, 2004).       The pebble bed is identifiable as a different substratum from the lower Glauconitic Sand in the London region (Ellison, 1991 in Hight et al, 2004). In this region, the strata have thickness about 3m and typically consist of well-rounded flint pebbles, basically less than 30mm in diameter, however can be recognized as huge as 200mm (Hight et al, 2004; Ellison, 2004). Mainly fine-to-medium-grained sand and clayey sands with variable amounts of glauconite grains of fine to medium sands grey to greenish grey when fresh, weathering to pale grey-brown and yellow brown (Hight et al, 2004).Carbonate concretions have developed either as hard sporadic masses or powdery patches up to 0.5m in diameter (Ellison,2004). Irregular beds of well-rounded flint pebbles (Hight et al, 2004) occur throughout this unit, as do clay dominated units of up to 0.3m thickness (Ellison, 2004). Basically comprising of a coarsening-upwards series of fine-grained intensely bioturbated grey sands (Ellison, 2004), these beds have a maximum thickness of around 30m inside the London Basin (Royse et al, 2008). The lower beds are clayey and silty, while bioturbation structures are identifiable by wisps of dark grey clay and silty clay (Ellison, 2004). Denoting the base of the Thanet Sand Formation, this bed is thought to be a basal conglomerate, comprising of irregular rounded black flint pebbles (Royse et al, 2008) set inside a dark greenish grey, clayey fine-to-coarse grained sandy matrix with glauconite pellets (Ellison, 2004). Basically a fine-grained white Limestone, this formation mainly comprises of coccoliths made almost completely out of calcium carbonate as low magnesian calcite with sporadic flint bands (Ellison, 2004). In the London region the lower parts of this formation is mapped as the Lewes Chalk or the Lewes Nodular Chalk, which is best characterized as a hard to very hard nodular Chalk with interbedded soft to hard gritty Chalks and regular flint bands (Bristow et al, 1997). The motivation behind ground examination was to assemble data about the physical and designing properties of soils and subsoils in the study territory to recognize whether the site is appropriate for the proposed work. The excavations started on 24th September, 1990 and completed on 14th November 1990 and a total sum of 20 boreholes finished over the site. A sum total of twenty boreholes were drilled over the site to examine the nature and condition of the soil underneath the site. This program of works started on the 24th September, 1990 and finished on the fourteenth November, 1990. Drilling depths range from -24.93 mOD (27.60 mbgl) in BH 413P to -49.84 mOD (53.05 mbgl) in BH404T with the majority of excavations being completed to a depth of 30.00 to 40.00 mbgl. Chiseling of harder strata was attempted where necessary. Hand-dug starter pits were burrowed at all locations to a depth of between 0.60 mbgl (meters subterranean level) and 1.20 mbgl so as to check for utilities before boring was initiated. Fourteen of these boreholes were finished utilizing Cable Percussive method in shell diameters between 150mm and 250mm relying upon the number of decrement required per borehole. A further two boreholes were excavated utilizing open hole drilling (404T, 407T) utilizing a tricone rock bit, followed by Rotary drilling to the base of the boreholes. Also, two boreholes (410T and 415T) were started utilizing Cable Percussive techniques, followed by Rotary boring strategies to the base of the boreholes. In every one of the four boreholes Rotary penetrating utilized polymer mud flush and SK6L wireline 100mm coring tool. The last two boreholes (403P and 413P) were drilled utilizing Cable Percussive tool together with Self-Boring Pressuremeter (SBP) tests), utilized principally to bore and test the London Clay Formation and Upper Mottled Clays and where pertinent, the Thanet Sand Formation. A more detailed of each borehole is outlined out in Table 1 Trial pits also known as shallow boreholes were dug in order to check gas, water and electricity pipelines due to the level of urbanization of the site location before actual excavation works commenced. The sensitivity of the locations means there is high risk of damaging existing infrastructures. The depth of the trial pits ranges from 0.6m to 1.2m as shown in table 1 above. Ten hand-dug inspection trial pits were drilled to a depth of 1.2m below ground level and these trial pits were: BH401, BH402, BH405, BH406, BH408, BH412, BH413, BH414, BH416, BH418, and BH419. After the drilling process, laboratory test were undertaken on specific samples so as to give in-depth understanding of the site. The tests performed were as follows; Index Properties, to classify samples accordingly to the Liquid Plastic Limits, Plasticity Index, Moisture content and Bulk density. Undrained Triaxial Tests, to calculate the undrained shear strength (Cu) values of the samples. Chemical Tests, testing the pH for soil and water for chemical contamination analysis (which was carried out on some water samples, undisturbed and disturbed samples). In addition, some chemical testing was carried out on some samples from boreholes to determine pH, pAH, organic content, heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, zinc, lead, coal tars, mineral oils, phenols, solvent extracts, sulphide and sulphates which may indicate contamination in the site. X-ray Diffraction Analysis was also carried out in order to ascertain the presence of minerals. From the ground investigations, it can be affirmed that the stratigraphy of the site relatively varies from northwest to southeast that is, from London Clay Formations to Chalk Formation. Table 2 gives a vivid summary of the succession of soil underlying the site. As presented in Table 2, there is decrease in London Clay Formation thickness from boreholes 401 to 410. With the Chalk Formation depth, it appears from 36m beneath ground level from boreholes 407 to 418. Moreover, it can be seen that Woolwich and Reading Formation interbedded beneath the site as upper shelly / mottled clay and lower shelly/ mottled clay. Blackheath bed underlies in upper shelly clay. There is a Bullhead Bed between Thanet Bed and Chalk. Water level monitoring was carried out with piezometers installed in each borehole to aid measurement of groundwater across the site. Recorded measurement for less than three months (between 1st October 1990 to 17th December 1990 with depths of 0.27mBGL (BH401) to 17.53mBGL (BH405) indicates inconsistency along the site. Although there was a piezometer installed in BH403P, no water level was observed whilst 18 boreholes had one piezometer installed in each. Moreover, boreholes 402,403,407T, 410T, 415T and 416 had two piezometers installed in them respectively (upper and lower piezometer). Piezometer readings were observed to form a distinct ground water surface in the Terrace gravels which can be concluded as a permeable bed with water level observed in 8 boreholes. The contamination data given indicates that from the depth ranges of 1.50m (BH419) to 18.30m (BH308), Sulphides and Chromium occur from 0.01 to 5. There was presence of two mainly aquifers zone, the first phreatic zone is located between the permeable Terrace Gravels and the impermeable London Clay Formation in the west of the site (boreholes 401 to 407) extending to the underlying Upper Mottled Clay and Upper Shelly Clay from the Lambeth Group (boreholes 408 to 416) in the east of the site. Its depth goes from 4m to 12m below the ground level. The second phreatic zone is can be found in the permeable Laminated Sand and Silt Strata, between the Upper Mottled Clay and the Lower Shelly Clay (boreholes 407 to 418), at the east of the site with varying depth of 9m to 17m below the ground level Experienced mostly at all ground level within all excavations, the stratum thickness varies across the site, ranging from 0.30m (BH 416) to 5.00m (BH402). Consisting of topsoil (0.10 to 0.20m thick), tarmac (0.05 to 0.15m) and concrete (0.05 to 0.40m) overlying soft to firm brown grey green and black silty sandy Clay with abundant fine to coarse angular to rounded brick, concrete, ash, tile mortar, flint coal and chalk gravels and rare cobbles of tile, chalk, concrete and timber. Made Ground within BH 403 was described as oily whilst being described as having a strong smell in BH414. Chiseling was required within six boreholes whilst SPT N values for this stratum varies from 3 to 24 in accordance with the variability of the soils. Two sulphate and pH tests were also completed indicating a pH of 7.5 to 8.0, a soil sulphate content of 0.05 % and a water sulphate content of 0.09 g/l. It cannot be recommended that such a variable stratum be characterized using limited data. However, thes e results suggest that DS-1 grade concrete may be utilized at this level. Alluvium in experienced in boreholes 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 410, 411, 412, 413, 418, 415, 416 and 417, and it is situated beneath made ground. Its thickness varies from 0.50 m (borehole 401) to 3.60 m (borehole 405). This stratum can be defined as medium dense greyish yellow clayey fine to coarse sand with some sub-angular to sub-rounded fine to coarse flint gravel, with some presence of firm to stiff brown-green slightly sandy (fine to medium) clay, soft blue-grey very oxidized brown very silty lay with pockets ( This stratum is situated below the Alluvium with thicknesses of 2.70m (BH411) and 6.90m (407T) and is generally described as a medium dense to dense orange brown very sandy medium to coarse sub-angular to sub rounded flint gravel with occasional flint cobbles and pockets of brown silty clay. Chiseling was required at the base of the Terrace Gravels in BH409 (6.90-7.70mbgl for 2hours). SPT N values range from 4 to 79, with the majority of values plotting between 11 and 47 as presented in figure 5. Based on this data a design line of N=23 is proposed for the Terrace Gravels, which shows a drained friction angle of 34 ° (Peck et al, 1974). Due to the sandy and gravelly nature of this stratum, plasticity index, triaxial and moisture content tests were not undertaken since it is perceived that these soils are non-plastic. Nevertheless, 15 water soluble sulphate and pH tests were performed on water samples obtained within the Terrace Gravels. The results of these show a pH range from 7 to 9.7 and a water soluble sulphate level of 0.08 to 0.31 g/l. It was present in 12 boreholes 401, 402, 403, 403P, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 410, 412, 413 and it is located below the terrace gravel stratum. It is a combination of weathered (boreholes 401 and 412) and unweathered London Clay. Thicknesses of the London Clay range from 29.65m (BH401) to 0.30m (BH410T). The weathered London Clay can be described as stiff thinly laminated extremely close to fissure brown clay with rare bioturbation fissures randomly oriented whilst unweathered London Clay can be described as very stiff thinly laminated close to fissured grey-brown, grey, brown clay with occasional bioturbation, fissures are randomly orientated with occasional black mottling. The base of this stratum presents occasional pockets of light brown 20 silty fine sand ( With regards to the Index Test, 30 tests were completed and the results were: % LL from 50 to 88, % PL from 19 to 43, and % PI 29 to 58. Then, these results were plotted, as it can be seen from figure 7, the majority of the results are located in the range of high to very high plasticity clays. Just one isolated point is located below the A-line, so it was ignored in this case. The moisture content varies from 8 to 35%. , the natural moisture content is considerably close to the plastic limit, in some cases is less than the plastic limit, which indicates that the soil is in a plastic to semi-solid state. The bulk density of this stratum varies from 1.90 to 2.10 Mg/m3. They were made 46 triaxial tests to determine the undrained shear stress of this stratum and the results were from 46 to 394. Typically, Lambeth Group is comprised of three subgroups namely Woolwich Formation (Upper Shelly Clay, Laminated Beds and Lower Shelly Clays), Reading Formation (Upper Mottled Clay and Lower Mottled Clay) and Upnor Formation (Pebble beds and Glauconitic Sands as shown in table 3. The clays of the Upper Mottled Clay have higher plasticity than those of the Lower Mottled Clay and there are 7 blows of SPT for Lower Mottled Clay and 31 for the former making Upper Mottled Clay a very hard stratum. The SPT values are 45 to 76 and indicate a large distribution in sample strengths and the design line for Glauconitic sand is N = 64 + 22.63z. The Lambeth Group is generally very plastic and has a consistency of between -7 to 185. In BH408 at -17.69m depth, CI is -7 and can be inferred to be in liquid state being extremely soft and has eligible shear strength. The average N60 values (which was calculated from the average N-value) is between 37 to 73 making Lambeth group to fall in the very stiff to hard range. The average N-value is 45 to 76 and the relative density is from dense to very dense. Considerable high values of Undrained Triaxial Test are also indicative of the strength of the Lambeth Group. Thanet sand lies beneath the Glauconitic Sand (Lambeth Group) and is appeared in BH404T to BH419 with thickness ranging between 10.50m (BH 411) to 12.50m (BH 417). Thanet sand strata has very dense grey dotted black slightly fine to medium SAND with rare fine sub rounded rock gravels, which is slightly silty( Chalk formation has maximum thickness of 8.60m occurring in boreholes 407T, 410T, 411, 415T and 418 below Bullhead Bed. The stratum was unproven, characterized by the presence of white slightly to moderate weathered CHALK, weak, fractures closely spaced, infilled up to 9 mm with comminuted chalk. Occasional rounded flint cobbles as angular fine gravel fragments. Chalk recovered as fine gravel sized white very weak with 31 much matrix of with sandy silt sized fragments. It was identified as chalk grade III and IV. Considering the SPT results in figure 5, they were made 7 tests in total using Split Spoon Sampler (S). The N value in this stratum varies from 61 to 85, with an average of 71. According to density index of sands classification by Craig (2004), this soil can be considered as a Very Dense Soil. SPT, index test and moisture content, triaxial test and bulk density test were not applied to Chalk samples. References Digimap.edina.ac.uk,. (2016). Digimap Home Page. Retrieved 6 December 2016, from http://digimap.edina.ac.uk Soil Mechanics Ltd. (1990). Jubilee Line Extension ground investigation Package 2. Ellison, R., Woods, M. (2004). Geology of London. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. Ford, J., Kessler, H., Cooper, A., Price, S., Humpage, A. (2010). An enhanced classification forartificial ground. Hight, D., Ellison, R., Page, D. (2004). Engineering in the Lambeth Group. London: CIRIA. Royse, K., de Freitas, M., Burgess, W., Cosgrove, J., Ghail, R., Gibbard, P. et al. (2012). Bristow,C R, Mortimore,R N, and Wood, C J. 1997. Lithostratigraphy for mapping the chalk of southsea England. Proceedings of the geologists Association, vol.108,293-316. Burland, J B and Hancock, R J R. 1977. Underground car park at the House of Commons, London. Geotechnical aspects. Structural Engeneering. vol 55,87-100. BH Eastings Northings Drilling Method Start date Reduced level Finish date Reduced level Hand dug pit depth (mBGL) Depths (m) 401 533344 179834 Cable Percussive 24/09/1990 2.96 29/09/1990 -36.74 1.2 39.7 402 533435 179831 Cable Percussive 24/09/1990 3.45 03/10/1990 -33.05 1.1 36.5 403 533557 179755 Cable Percussive 22/10/1990 3.4 02/11/1990 -36.6 1.2 40 403P 533551 179737 Cable Percussive/SBP 01/10/1990 3.52 21/10/1990 -34.48 1.2 38 404T 533638 179605 Open Hole/Rotary 24/09/1990 3.21 03/10/1990 -49.84 1.1 53.05 405 533761 179560 Cable Percussive 02/10/1990 3.51 14/10/1990 -36.49 1.2 40 406 533888 179456 Cable Percussive 04/10/1990 3.48 15/10/1990 -33.32 1.2 36.8 407T 534043 179407 Open Hole/Rotary 08/10/1990 3.26 19/10/1990 -47.11 1.1 50.37 408 534223 179348 Cable Percussive 05/10/1990 2.91 12/10/1990 -32.09 0.8 35 409 534389 179384 Cable Percussive 11/10/1990 2.55 18/10/1990 -27.25 0.8 29.8 410T 533406 179414 Cable Percussive/Rotary 17/10/1990 2.79 30/10/1990 -40.71 0.6 43.5 411 534455 179389 Cable Percussive 15/10/1990 2.42 22/10/1990 -37.83 1.2 40.25 412 534478 179436 Cable Percussive 04/10/1990 2.54 15/10/1990 -33.46 1.2 36 413P 534525 179429 Cable Percussive/SBP 30/10/1990 2.67 14/11/1990 -24.93 1 27.6 414 534649 179451 Cable Percussive 15/10/1990 2.89 28/10/1990 -37.06 1.2 39.95 415T 534905 1

The Thrill That Kills Essay -- Essays Papers

The Thrill That Kills Street racing has become a very dangerous sport in the 20th century. In the article The Thrill That Kills by Paul-Mark Rendon, he describes the dangers and consequences of illegal street racing. This article was published Sept. 17, 2001 in MacLean’s. This is an article that tries to reach out to street racers and also anyone interested in knowing more about street racing and its dangers. The article discusses how for the driver, racing is an exciting adrenaline rush, but for the people, is an endangerment to their safety. The author uses facts like how dozens of innocent people have died due to street racing. Even drivers themselves die because of losing control or hitting another car. This article makes readers think twice about wanting to go out on the streets and race. This article gives evidence that street racing is very dangerous. The author gives clear evidence to support his topic that illegal street racing is dangerous. Racing on a public road can have many variables that can lead to the worst. Some of these variables are that â€Å"where unexpected traffic, uneven roads and inexperienced drivers, some as young as 16, form a deadly combination.† The author tells how an innocent person walking across the street, was hit by one of three cars racing that were traveling approximately 200 km/h in a 50 km/h zone. The body was thrown 80 meters and died before he hit the ground. â€Å"In Vancouver alone, police count six fatalities from street racing in the past year.† Mark uses this information to get his point through to the readers because people are most affected when they hear about other people dying. Paul- Mark explains how driving experience on the streets is very low. Hardly any of the... ...there. Paul-Mark tells how the Darknights are a good cause, but â€Å"there’s always going to be a situation where there’s heated argument and no one wants to waste their time and say, ‘We’ll settle this at the racetrack.’ We’ll pick a road, we’ll do it for this much and then we’ll go home.† This makes the reader realize how even though street racers are aware of the tremendous dangers of street racing and have a legal way to do it, they still would rather put people’s lives at risk and race on the streets. Although this article appeals to common sense the most, Paul-Mark’s claims are obvious with very good example to back those claims up. Readers get the full picture of what is really going down in the street racing scene and how the dangers continue to exist. Paul-Mark has strong appeals and emotions throughout this paper that keeps readers hooked the entire time.

The Life Of Walt Disney & The Grimm Brothers Essay -- essays research

Walt Disney and Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Walt Disney and the Grimm Brothers used their talents, and, with help, became some of the most famous children’s literature writers and business owners of all time. Many children have read Grimm Brothers’ fairy tales and watched Walt Disney’s films and cartoons. The creators have used their tales, films, and cartoons not only during their lives, but even now. Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901 to a German-Irish-Canadian-American family who lived in Chicago, Illinois. He had three brothers and one sister. His mother was a German-American woman named Flora Call Disney. His father was an Irish-Canadian man named Elias Disney (Encarta Encyclopedia 2). After a few years, Elias Disney moved his family to a farm near Marceline, Missouri. This was when Walt started taking an interest in drawing and developed a love for animals. He sold his first sketches to some of his neighbors when he was seven years old (Encarta Encyclopedia 2). Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm in Hanau, Germany. Jacob was born on January 4, 1785 and Wilhelm on February 24, 1786. Their parents were Philipp Wilhelm Grimm and Dorothea Grimm. Philipp and Dorothea had nine children together. In 1971, the Grimm family moved to Steinau. Five years later, in 1976, Philipp Wilhelm Grimm died at the age of 44. At this time, Jacob was eleven years old and Wilhelm was about to be ten (Grimm Brothers’ Home Page 1). In 1910, the Disney family moved to Kansas City. Walt helped his father’s newspaper distribution business by delivering newspapers. â€Å"Walt attended Benton School, and occasionally surprised his teachers with his talent for drawing and acting. (Disney A to Z, 143)† The family moved back to Chicago where Disney would attend McKinley High School for one year. During this time, he worked on the school newspaper doing drawing and photography. He also attended the Academy of Fine Arts at night (Disney A to Z 143). The Grimm Brothers’ first school was called Lyceum Fridericianum in Cassel, Germany. The school had seven different classes and was used to prepare people for college. â€Å"The four upper served to prepare for the university while pupils of the three lower ones did not aim at further academic studies. Unfortunately, Preceptor Zinckhan’s lessons had not been enough for Jacob and Wilhelm. Jacob was admitted to the lowest form only while... ... company when Frank Wells died. (Encarta Encyclopedia 4) The Grimm Brothers’ folktales are still read by little children today. And without some help from Walt Disney, some tales may have never been heard of. Some of their most famous tales are Snow White, Cinderella, Rumpelstiltskin, Beauty and the Beast, Sleeping Beauty, and many other tales. Walt Disney’s has had and still is having a large effect on television and writing today. He has made very memorable films. Many people will remember this 20th century folk hero and legend for many years to come. Both the Grimm Brothers’ and Walt Disney were very talented. They both have given people many different stories and have taught many lessons in their stories. They will always be remembered in history. Works Cited Ashliman, D.L. Grimm Brothers’ Home Page. 28 Jan. 2001 http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm.html Grant, John Walt Disney’s Animated Characters Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited Michaelis-Jena, Ruth The Brothers Grimm New York Washington: Praegar Publishers, 1970 Smith, Dave Disney A to Z New York: Hyperion 1998 â€Å"Walt Disney Company, The† Microsoft Encarta 2000 Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. 2000 ed. Redmond: Microsoft, 2000

Small scale embedded generation

Small graduated table air current energySmall graduated table embedded coevals is defined as â€Å" any beginning of electrical energy rated up to, and including, 16 A per stage, individual or multi-phase, 230/400V AC † [ 1 ] . In the instance of air current energy it is rather common to see little graduated table air current turbines as those rated less than 100kW. Small scale air current turbines offer several advantages over their large-scale opposite numbers although as a general regulation of pollex the entire cost of power coevals decreases with the size of the turbine. Large graduated table air current energy production requires a large capital investing non merely due to the equipment cost but besides due to the really big windy sites required for installing. This makes smaller air current turbines more suited for applications such as â€Å" stray islands, individual homes, remote cabins, and street visible radiations † necessitating much less capital investing although the cost of per generated W additions [ 2 ] . The low power evaluation of little air current turbines allows the usage of technologically advanced solutions which would be hard to implement in the instance of e.g. a 5MW air current turbine. This makes the usage of a figure of smaller air current turbines with important cumulative end product power much more attractive. Furthermore, the power evaluation of a air current turbine additions with size doing environmental jobs and important noise. This makes the installing of high power rated wind turbines unsuitable for urban countries but largely suited for distant countries where the connexion to the grid is weak [ 3 ] . In the White Paper on Energy published by the UK authorities it was estimated that at 2007, in UK entirely, there were 20000 installed little graduated table air current turbines with a entire end product power of 7MW. This shows the important proportion of little graduated table air current power coevals in the renewable sector compared to the estimated 1300 photovoltaic UK installings. Furthermore, the mean cost of 7p/kWh makes little wind engineering much more attractive than solar PV energy with an mean cost of 24p/kWh but still considerable expensive compared to big graduated table systems holding an mean cost of 3p/kWh [ 4 ] .Wind turbine typesThere are two basic types of little graduated table air current turbines depending on the place of the rotor: horizontal axis and perpendicular axis turbines. The advantage of the perpendicular axis, besides called Savonius or Darrieus rotor, over the horizontal type is the fact that it operates irrespective of the way of the air current. Although most big graduated table air current turbines presents use horizontal type air current turbines, in little graduated table systems the perpendicular axis orientation is still rather common. The horizontal types can be subdivided into axial and cross depending on their orientation with regard to the way of the air current. Axial air current turbines are widely used in both little and big graduated table systems. Small air current turbines are offered with 2, 3 or more blades. Orientation is provided via either a tail or shaped blades [ 5 ] . The large difference of little graduated table air current turbines compared to big scale systems is that the blades are fixed and protection is offered through the aeromechanicss of the rotor. This is frequently referred to as stall control since the rotor stalls at high air current velocities offering the advantages of simpleness and less power fluctuations. The disadvantages over the pitch control method employed in big scale systems, where the angle of onslaught is controlled by altering the pitch angle of the blades, are that less power is extracted from the air current at low air current velocities while no aid is offered at start-up. Further, fluctuations in air denseness and the frequence of the grid can do fluctuations in the end product power [ 6 ] . In rural countries little graduated table air current turbines are normally mounted on a mast stopping point to a home. However in urban environments where non much infinite is available, they can be installed on the roof of a edifice. The disadvantage of this installing is the turbulency of the air created by the orientation of the infinite environing the edifice. This can be overcome by modifying the construction of the edifice in order to steer the air to flux through the turbine blades. Very little air current turbines are besides mounted on sailing boats. Finally note that with little graduated table air current turbines no connexion in the grid substation is required ; the turbine can straight be connected in the local distribution system [ 5 ] . Another categorization of air current turbines is made with regard to the velocity of the rotor. Most little graduated table systems nowadays use variable velocity turbines in which the rotational velocity of the generator alterations in order to maximize the power extracted from the air current. As a consequence, blasts of air current are largely absorbed by fluctuations of the rotational velocity of the generator maintaining the torsion, and therefore the end product power, comparatively changeless. In contrast, fixed velocity turbines maintain the rotational velocity of the rotor changeless irrespective of the air current velocity while commanding the extracted power by changing the weaving sets. Fixed velocity turbines use initiation generators and offer simpleness, dependability, hardiness and low cost at the disbursal of reactive power ingestion for the exhilaration of the generator and increased mechanical emphasis and line losingss. These losingss are caused by electromotive force fluctuations that may happen due to alterations in power as a consequence of air current velocity fluctuations. On the other manus variable velocity air current turbines use either synchronal or initiation generators and are connected to the grid via a convertor which controls the velocity of the generator. Although fluctuations in end product power are smaller and mechanical emphasis in the aerodynamic system is less than in the instance of fixed velocity turbines, the debut of power electronic devices increases the complexness and cost of the system while extra losingss occur in the convertor [ 6 ] .GeneratorsIn general two types of generators are used widely in air current turbines: initiation and synchronal generators each with its relevant advantages and disadvantages. Initiation generators have governed the industry particularly in big scale air current systems. However little graduated table air current turbines have started to be dominated by lasting magnet synchronal machines. The biggest difference of a synchronal and an initiation generator is that the former operates at the frequence of the grid while the latter at a higher frequence. In both generators the stator is made of a laminated Fe nucleus fitted with a three stage weaving bring forthing a revolving magnetic field with changeless velocity. However the rotors in the two machines are different. In a synchronal generator the field twist of the rotor is fed with a DC current making a magnetic field. The interaction between the two Fieldss causes the rotor to revolve in synchrony with the stator field. In an initiation generator the rotor is non fed with current but the currents are induced due to the comparative motion of the rotor with regard to the magnetic field of the stator. The difference between the synchronal velocity and the rotational velocity of the rotor is called faux pas [ 7 ] . Initiation generators can be either squirrel coop or lesion rotor type. Squirrel coop generators are really efficient and require small care but a gear box between rotor and generator must be used since they rotate at different velocities. Their ability to somewhat alter their rotational velocity for big fluctuations of air current velocities makes them ideal for usage in fixed velocity air current turbines. However their steep torque-speed characteristic together with the high inpouring currents can do terrible electromotive force depressions and do necessary the usage of a soft starting motor. The torsion velocity characteristic can be modified with the usage of a lesion rotor where the opposition of the rotor twist can alter but the overall cost of the rotor increases [ 5 page66 ] . If for illustration the generator has high inpouring currents, the opposition of the twist can be increased at start-up therefore bring forthing high get downing torsion with low current. However this opposition must be decreased at high velocities to forestall big fluctuations of velocity with relevant torsion alterations caused by the alteration of the torsion velocity characteristic. Wound rotor generators are normally used with variable velocity air current turbines and in concurrence with an optically controlled convertor that modifies the opposition of the rotor twist. In general initiation generators are efficient, although less efficient than synchronal generators, and robust while there are minimal demands for care. Furthermore their big production has dropped down the cost of industry. Another advantage is that they can merely be connected to the grid either by conveying the rotor to rated velocity and so link the generator to the grid or by linking the generator to the grid and utilize it as a motor to convey the rotor in the rated velocity [ 9 page 229 ] . Either instance synchrony is non required. The large disadvantage of initiation generators it the demand for reactive power to excite the stator nucleus which must be provided either by the grid or a power convertor. The corresponding decrease in burden power factor can be compensated with the usage of capacitance Bankss [ 6 page67 ] . Synchronous generators are expensive and require care but they are really efficient and have the large advantage of control over reactive power flow through control of the field weaving [ 8 p121 ] . This gives full control over the electromotive force at the terminuss of the generator. A disadvantage of synchronal machines is that when connected to the grid particular synchronism equipment is needed to fit the electrical angle of the AC power with the angular place of the rotor. Another disadvantage is that they are comparatively stiff machines compared to initiation generators due to their changeless velocity feature. As a consequence they respond to sudden blasts of air current or mistakes in an oscillating manner by changing merely the burden angle which can do instability and loss of synchrony.Permanent magnet Synchronous machinesPower electronicsOpen circuit mistakesAC and DC collection effects of small-scale air current generators p.124Suitable design†¦ p.1Comparison of po wer convertor topologies p.2359the feasibleness of edifice p.11little air current turbines in the built.. p.1air current power in power systems p.55air current energy engineering toilet f. Walker page 46Renewable energy in power systemsair current energy explained