Accounting In Global Organization- Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a literature review on Challenges of Accounting In Global Organization. Answer: Introduction: Accounting in Global Era Globalisation has changed the manner in which the business and organisational practices are carried out in todays world. The accounting practices of the 21st century have also been revolutionised with the changes in the business environment due to globalisation, increasing competition, the evolution of information technology, and the change in the regulatory practices as the firms cross borders for business purposes (Sunarni, 2013). These changing dimensions of business practices have changed the way management accounting was carried out in the traditional firms. There were always international dimensions to finance and accounting practices earlier, but these dimensions have become more pronounced in the last few decades with more economies opening up their borders for international trade (Lavia Lpez, Hiebl, 2014). This paper will examine the role of accounting practices in the global business environment and the key challenges faced by the accounting in the era of globalisation. Project objective The objective of the paper is to understand the impact of the trends and changing accounting practice in the global organisations today. Project scope The scope of the study is to understand the challenges and issues facing the accounting practices in the global organisations today. Literature review The Role of Accounting in Globalisation The advent of globalisation has brought forth many dimensions which have a strong implication on the accountants and accounting practices in the organisations. Accounting in todays organisations has taken on a much broader perspective and role as compared to its functions in the traditional organisational set up (Tarca, 2012). The issues related to corporate governance, financial standards and codes, anti-corruption measures, standards of regulation and accountability in the large multinational corporations, and many other such concerns involve accounting (Van der Stede, Malone, 2010). The general view about accounting is that it presents a neutral financial and economic reality of an organisation. But, in reality the functions of accounting go much farther than that and it presents an economic reality of the organisation or an industry which has been shaped by the dominant economic powers. The accounting practices and the results present an organisation with the objective basis for taking the crucial decisions for the company (Carpenter, Dunung, 2011). Accounting plays a very important role in the decision-making process of the practices and strategies which are based primarily on the numbers or figures generated by accounting. For example, most of the companies operating in the world market are always looking for reducing the cost of labour for their manufacturing and other processes. These sources of cheap labour make the companies shift their production and manufacturing to areas where cost-effective labour is available. The analysis which forms the basis of this decision is based on the numbers and figures generated by the management accounting of the organisation. In the rapidly changing and dynamic business environment of today the firms have to continuously innovate to maintain their sustainability in the increasingly competitive market. The accounting departments today are working in a flat organisational structure in coordination with the other departments. The management accounting practices in the companies have to assure that the data and information being provided to the other departments to facilitate the making of key decisions that enable a company to compete on a local, national, and international level (Ahid, Augustine, 2012). Factors influencing the change in Accounting practices Besides the change in the activities of the organisations and businesses due to globalisation, there are many other factors which have influenced the change in the role that management accounting and management accountants play in a business organisation (Zadek, Evans, Pruzan, 2013). The developments in the production and technology have impacted the functioning of every aspect of business including the accounting practices and principles. The evolution of the modern business strategies in the era of information technology has witnessed a drastic change in the manner in which the services and products are delivered to the consumers (Arnold, 2009). The processing of information and statistics, and the dissemination of information has become much faster and easier than ever before and this has resulted in faster response times from internal and external customers. Traditional accounting and financial tools that were used earlier like the variance analysis, standard costing, cost-volume profitability analysis, budgeting, and other such methods are no longer considered adequate for the global business standards today (Doupnik, Perera, 2011). The increasing competition in the global business community has resulted in many organisations going for innovative accounting, financial, and statistical analysis tools like JIT or just in time, TQM or total quality management, AMT or advanced manufacturing technology, in their business practices (Cinquini, Tenucci, 2010). The pressures of the global competition have changed the dynamics of management accounting in organisations with contemporary practices like balance scorecard and activity based costing being adapted to meet the requirements of the changing needs of an organisation (Cooper, Dart, 2009). Trends in Managerial Accounting practices in the global organisations Green accounting: The concept of an environmentally friendly and green business is spreading across the world from developed to the developing countries. To be successful at the global level and form a fruitful relationship with the public and government authorities of a nation, it has become imperative for businesses to adopt an environmental friendly approach along with maximising profits (Kidane, 2012). This puts the accounting practices of a firm in a crucial position to devise financial planning and statistical analysis in a manner to accomplish the task of achieving the Green GNP for the company. Investment in green policies and environmental protection is one of the key functions undertaken by the financial planning and accounting in an organisation with the objective of expanding the business into new territories and maximising green profits (Talha, Raja, Seetharaman, 2010). Harmonisation in Accounting: Harmonisation in accounting practices basically means developing policies to enhance the comparability between the accounting practices of different companies. In the global business scenario, today developing practices to achieve international harmonisation in business accounting practices has become an important trend (De Loo, Verstegen, Swagerman, 2011). The main objective of promoting international harmonisation is to devise some common accounting practices in the business analysis all over the world to put the financial information and accounting data of the different countries on a more comparable platform. Common internationally accepted accounting principles will make the financial information easy to decipher and reduce conflicts of interest among business organisation across different regions (Ramli, Zainuddin, Sulaiman, Muda, 2013). Technology support- In many developed economies, the companies and organisations are required, under the law of the nation, to disclose the complete financial statements and other financial information about the company online within a period of 24 hours of completing the financial statements. But the main challenge that arises here is the means to guarantee the quality of the financial information being disclosed (Taipaleenmki, Ikheimo, 2013). In this age of the information technology and the internet, the accounting practices of any business cannot exist in isolation. With the development of new forms of economy in the rapidly technological global environment of today many new kinds of economy like the knowledge-based economy, cyber economy, and the new political or centralised economic systems, accounting has become an important part of the economic managerial tool of the organisations (Sunarni, 2013). Therefore, the need to make the accounting principles more comparable and reli able became a must as unreliable information could lead to a legal crisis for a company and even lead to overall market crisis (Lavia Lpez, Hiebl, 2014). Therefore, multiple accounting standards created with the help of technological support from the information technology have gained prominence in the recent years, particularly in the disseminating of accurate financial information to the public (Carpenter, Dunung, 2011). Factors affecting the accounting practices and the Challenges faced by accounting in global organisations today To be competitive and relevant in the increasingly competitive global business environment, the accounting practices in the businesses have to adapt to the recurring changes that have an influence on the practices of the accounting. The factors which influence the accounting practices include the business environmental factors like the increase in customer focus, rapid pace of globalisation, and changes in the technology (Zadek, Evans, Pruzan, 2013). The second factor is the response of the business to the environmental factors which include the flat hierarchical structures, value chain and inventory cost, the business-to customer and business-to-business interactions and dealings, change in the manufacturing techniques and quality, and much more (Doupnik, Perera, 2011). The third factor which has influenced the accounting practices in the global organisations is the changing and evolving accounting tools that are becoming a prime requirement of the accounting practices. Tools like Just-in-time inventory, benchmarking, supply chain management, activity based costing, target costing, balance scorecard, enterprise resource planning, are all an integral part of management accounting and financial planning today. Out of these factors, the external environmental factors and the rapidly evolving organisational factors pose a significant challenge to the accounting practices today (Cooper, Dart, 2009). Challenges by Environmental factors to Accounting The external factors that influence the accounting practices of a business are also known as the environmental factors. For example, the rapidly occurring dynamic changes in the external business environment like the increasing rate of market globalisation (Kidane, 2012), increase in the competition from old and new firms due to globalisation, and the rapid advancement in technology leading to better production techniques and information management, are all the major elements that have contributed to the evolution of the principles and practices of accounting in the organisations in the recent years (Ramli, Zainuddin, Sulaiman, Muda, 2013). These changes in the external business environment have increased the role that accounting and especially the management accounting has to play in the business organisations today (Tarca, 2012). The accounting practices are continuously facing the challenges thrown by the external environment in providing the accurate information to support and facilitate the effective business operations and efficient management under the changing circumstances (Van der Stede, Malone, 2010). The management accounting in an organisation has to evolve with the change in the manufacturing technology, the information technology and the other environmental trends so that accurate customer oriented information can be provided to the other concerned departments in the company. The accounting function in the organisations is no longer limited to financial numbers but has become an integral part of the management process with a much wider scope (Ahid, Augustine, 2012). Due to rapid globalisation the companies do not have to compete with the local firms but also with the international players in the national as well as the world market. To ensure business sustainability the firms have to ensure competitive and attractive prices of the goods and services, ensure the quality of the products and services, a fast delivery of the companys products and services, and living up to the expectations of the consumers (Arnold, 2009). Therefore, the modern businesses need empirical and financial measurements on all these aspects of business. This has increased the role of management accounting in the businesses as they are faced with challenges of providing reliable information on all such factors which may influence the business and marketing strategy of the organisation (Cinquini, Tenucci, 2010). The advancement in information and computer technology and the availability of analytical software have increased the accuracy and the speed at which the data can be stored and processed (De Loo, Verstegen, Swagerman, 2011). It has also made the dissemination and accessibility of the information much faster and easier, but this also poses a challenge to the management accountants in an organisation for timely appraisal of data and disseminating the accurate and relevant information to the other departments on a real-time basis (Sunarni, 2013). Other factors like the changes in the rules and regulations, implementation of new accounting standards and practices, deregulation of the markets and the finance sectors, and the increasing dominance of the service segment in business organisations, escalate the challenges of the accounting practices in an organisation to provide information, financial implications and solutions for business growth and development (Lavia Lpez, Hiebl, 2014). Challenges by the Organisational factors to Accounting Organisational factors which influence the business outlook and the accounting practices consist of the organisation as a whole, the strategy of the business, the products and services of the business, the competition, the internal operations of the business and the perceived uncertainty (Tarca, 2012). The organisational factors have a profound impact on the daily activities and practices of the business including the accounting practices (Carpenter, Dunung, 2011). The organisational factors place a lot of emphasis on the core competencies, supplier and customer relationships, outsourcing, downsizing, flat organisation structures, organisational restructuring, and other such elements which aim at improving the productivity and efficiency of the company (Van der Stede, Malone, 2010). With any changes occurring in the internal organisation constitution and functioning, like a new style of management reporting, the whole structure of the company and the process of the flow of information undergo a change. This will also change the attitude of the people in the company and the work patterns of the people (Ahid, Augustine, 2012). As mentioned earlier, the accounting department is not an isolated function anymore and the management accounting process in the organisation is closely integrated with the workings of other departments, the top level management, and the operations management in the organisation (Talha, Raja, Seetharaman, 2010). The organisational decisions like mergers, take-overs, organisational restructuring, new technological innovations are among the most influential factors affecting the accounting practices (Zadek, Evans, Pruzan, 2013). The accounting department is responsible for coordinating and liaisoning with the other departments to ensure smooth flow of relevant statistical, analytical, and financial information. Therefore, any kind of changes in the quality control, work patterns, organisational restructuring, managerial practices are among the leading organisational challenges faced by the management and business accounting in the global organisations today (Arnold, 2009). Besides these, the factors like customer oriented activities, core competencies, the form of ownership, size and type of organisation, profitability and the financial position of the firms, also contribute a lot to the challenges faced by the business and management accounting in the global marketplace today. Most of the organisations today have a flexible and flat organisational structure where the accountants and the managers work inter-changeably in a cross functional manner (Doupnik, Perera, 2011). This has lead to an increasing demand for transparency and accountability from the stakeholders in a firm. This change in the work practices and increase in transparency escalate the challenge for the business and management accountants in a firm to develop an in-depth understanding of the different processes in a business to be able to take on the challenge of a cross functional role (Cinquini, Tenucci, 2010). Ethical challenges The accounting department in an organisation has an access to a lot of confidential and sensitive information about the business, strategies, and practices of an organisation. Any kind of unauthorised disclosure to a third party outside the organisation could put the company at a competitive disadvantage against the rival companies and may lead to loss of credibility for the company (Cooper, Dart, 2009). Similarly, any unauthorised disclosure about the policies and strategies of the organisation, like information about potential layoffs and budget cuts, to the people inside the organisation would be against the interests of the organisations. The management accounting in every organisation has to deal with these ethical challenges and resolve them in the best possible manner while working under the professional standards and code of ethics (De Loo, Verstegen, Swagerman, 2011). The current trends in the business world point towards an emerging consciousness in the minds of the consumers about sustainable development in business and industry (Zadek, Evans, Pruzan, 2013). Therefore, the management accounting in a global business organisation is faced with the challenge of rethinking from a financial and profit oriented point of view and adopt practices and accounting systems that incorporate and integrate the practices which are based on performance management along with profit maximisation (Ramli, Zainuddin, Sulaiman, Muda, 2013). Conclusion In the rapidly changing and dynamic global business environments, the role of business and management accounting practices is undergoing a significant change in the role played by them in the modern business organisations (Taipaleenmki, Ikheimo, 2013). The accounting function does exist in isolation any longer and is proactively engaged and integrated with the other functions like the strategic management, leadership improvement, and operational alignment in a firm (Talha, Raja, Seetharaman, 2010). The continuous changes in the external and internal environment influence the management accounting practices. To survive and succeed in the increasingly competitive global arena the business and the management accounting practices have to continuously evolve to the challenges posed by the internal or organisational factors and the external or environmental factors in the dynamic business world today (Kidane, 2012). The accounting practices in a firm have to be prepared to face the challenges of globalisation in the local markets and traditional dominions also. With rapid globalisation and evolving technology, the business transactions in a company are becoming more complex and voluminous, and there is an increasing emphasis on standardisation of practices (Taipaleenmki, Ikheimo, 2013). This increases the pressure on the management accounting in a business to achieve uniformity in accounting practices and also keep up with the technological advancements, to be able to provide the best and accurate information in real-time to the internal and external stakeholders of a business. References: Ahid, M., Augustine, A. (2012). The roles and responsibilities of management accountants in the era of globalization.Global Journal of Management and Business Research,12(15). Retrieved from: https://globaljournals.org/GJMBR_Volume12/6-The-Roles-and-Responsibilities-of-Management-Accountants-in.pdf Arnold, P. J. (2009). Global financial crisis: The challenge to accounting research.Accounting, organizations and society,34(6), 803-809. Retrieved from: https://eclass.aueb.gr/modules/document/file.php/ODE130/Course%20Assignment%20-%20papers/AOS%20Arnold%202009.pdf Carpenter, M. A., Dunung, S. P. (2011). International Business: Opportunities and Challenges in a Flattening World. v. 1.0.Flat World Knowledge, New York: USA. Retrieved from: https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/3158?e=fwk-168388-ch15_s01 Cinquini, L., Tenucci, A. (2010). Strategic management accounting and business strategy: a loose coupling?.Journal of Accounting organizational change,6(2), 228-259. Retrieved from: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/18325911011048772 Cooper, P., Dart, E. (2009). Change in the management accountants role: drivers and diversity.University of Bath, School of Management, Bath. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ccab/172a063c7c4e3c0578c0189b35c402f3131e.pdf De Loo, I., Verstegen, B., Swagerman, D. (2011). Understanding the roles of management accountants.European Business Review,23(3), 287-313. Retrieved from: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09555341111130263 Doupnik, T., Perera, H. (2011). International accounting. Retrieved from: https://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:15830 Kidane, F. (2012). Decision Making and the Role of Management Accounting Functiona Review of Empirical Literature.Radix International Journal of Banking, Finance and Accounting,1(4), 77-97. Retrieved from: https://rierc.org/banking/paper16.pdf Lavia Lpez, O., Hiebl, M. R. (2014). Management accounting in small and medium-sized enterprises: current knowledge and avenues for further research.Journal of Management Accounting Research,27(1), 81-119. Retrieved from: https://www.aaajournals.org/doi/abs/10.2308/jmar-50915?code=aaan-site Ramli, A., Zainuddin, Z. N., Sulaiman, S., Muda, R. (2013). Changing roles of management accountants in Malaysian companies: a preliminary study.International Journal of Finance and Accounting,2(2), 89-93. Retrieved from: https://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ijfa.20130202.06.html Sunarni, C. W. (2013). Management accounting practices and the role of management accountant: Evidence from manufacturing companies throughout Yogyakarta, Indonesia.Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research,2(2), 616. Retrieved from: https://sibresearch.org/uploads/2/7/9/9/2799227/riber_b13-243_616-626.pdf Taipaleenmki, J., Ikheimo, S. (2013). On the convergence of management accounting and financial accountingthe role of information technology in accounting change.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(4), 321-348. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467089513000390 Talha, M., Raja, J. B., Seetharaman, A. (2010). A new look at management accounting.Journal of Applied Business Research,26(4), 83. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/5b922e0d657acc86177eabbfa38660c5/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=30135 Tarca, A. (2012). The case for global accounting standards: Arguments and evidence. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm Van der Stede, W., Malone, R. (2010).Accounting trends in a borderless world. Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. Retrieved from: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/29944/ Zadek, S., Evans, R., Pruzan, P. (2013).Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=ZUb5AQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=challenges+and+opportunities+in+accounting+practices+in+international+business+2013ots=zWlw64h0q0sig=dA3iMoWyZ-X6DWvdUrfKQ80334w#v=onepageq=challenges%20and%20opportunities%20in%20accounting%20practices%20in%20international%20business%202013f=false

Margin Imposed by NSE on Derivative trading free essay sample

Plain the role and importance of the different types of Margins imposed by the NSE in Derivatives Trading The Trading of currency futures is subject to maintaining initial, extreme loss, and calendar spread margins and the clearing corporations of the exchanges (In the case of NSE it is NSCCL) should ensure maintenance of such margins by the participants based on the guidelines issued by SEBI from time to time. The clearing corporation acts as counterparty to all contracts traded on the exchange and is responsible for settling all trades. They control their risks, by asking the members to pay margins and provide timely information about their financial condition. There are various types of margins that the clients/ trading members/ clearing members required to deposit: Margins on both Futures and Options contracts comprise of the following: 1) Initial Margin 2) Exposure margin In addition to these margins, in respect of options contracts the following additional margins are collected 1) Premium Margin 2) Assignment Margin Span Margin NSCCL collects initial margin up-front for all the open positions of a CM based on the argins computed by [emailprotected] We will write a custom essay sample on Margin Imposed by NSE on Derivative trading or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A CM is in turn required to collect the initial margin from the TMs and his respective clients. Similarly, a TM should collect upfront margins from his clients. Initial margin requirements are based on 99% value at risk over a one day time horizon. However, in the case of futures contracts (on index or individual securities), where it may not be possible to collect mark to market settlement value, before the commencement of trading on the next day, the initial margin is computed over a two-day time horizon, applying the appropriate statistical ormula. The methodology for computation of Value at Risk percentage is as per the recommendations of SEBI from time to time. Initial margin requirement for a member: 1 . For client positions is netted at the level of individual client and grossed across all clients, at the Trading/ Clearing Member level, without any setoffs between clients. 2. For proprietary positions is netted at Trading/ Clearing Member level without any setoffs between client and proprietary positions. For the purpose of SPAN Margin, various parameters are specified from time to time. In case a trading member wishes to take additional trading positions his CM is required to provide Additional Base Capital (ABC) to NSCCL. ABC can be provided by the members in the form of Cash, Bank Guarantee, Fixed Deposit Receipts and appr securities. Additional Capital Clearing members may provide additional margin/collateral deposit (additional base capital) to NSCCL and/or may wish to retain deposits and/or such amounts which are receivable from NSCCL, over and above their minimum deposit requirements, towards initial margin and/ or other obligations. Clearing members may submit such deposits in any one form or combination of the following forms: 1 . Cash 2. Fixed Deposit Receipts (FDRs) issued by approved banks and deposited with approved Custodians or NSCCL 3. Bank Guarantee in favour of NSCCL from approved banks in the specified format. 4. Approved securities in demat form deposited with approved Custodians. How is Initial Margin Computed? Initial margin for FO segment is calculated on a portfolio (a collection of futures and option positions) based approach. The margin calculation is carried out using a oftware called SPAW (Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk). It is a product developed by Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) and is extensively used by leading stock exchanges of the world. SPAN uses scenario based approach to arrive at margins. Value of futures and options positions depend on, among others, price of the security in the cash market and volatility of the security in cash market. As you would agree, both price and volatility keep changing. To put it simply, SPAW generates about 16 different scenarios by assuming different values to the price and olatility. For each of these scenarios, possible loss that the portfolio would suffer is calculated. The initial margin required to be paid by the investor would be equal to the highest loss the portfolio would suffer in any of the scenarios considered. The margin is monitored and collected at the time of placing the buy / sell order. The SPAW margins are revised 6 times in a day once at the beginning of the day, 4 times during market hours and finally at the end of the day. Obviously, higher the volatility, higher the margins. Exposure Margin The exposure margins for options and futures contracts on index are as follows: For Index options and Index futures contracts: 3% of the notional value of a futures contract. In case of options it is charged only on short positions and is 3% of the notional value of open positions. For option contracts and Futures Contract on individual Securities: The higher of 5% or 1. 5 standard deviation of the notional value of gross open position in futures on individual securities and gross short open positions in options on individual securities in a particular underlying. The standard deviation of daily logarithmic returns of prices in the underlying stock in the cash market in the last six months is computed on a rolling and monthly basis at the end of each month. For this purpose notional value means: For a futures contract the contract value at last traded price/ closing price. For an options contract the value of an equivalent number of shares as conveyed by the options contract, in the underlying market, based on the last available closing price. In case of calendar spread positions in futures contract, exposure margins are levied n one third of the value of open position of the far month futures contract. The calendar spread position is granted calendar spread treatment till the expiry of the near month contract.. How is exposure margin computed? In addition to initial / SPAW margin, exposure margin is also collected. Exposure margins in respect of index futures and index option sell positions is 3% of the notional value. For futures on individual securities and sell positions in options on individual securities, the exposure margin is higher of 5% or 1. 5 standard deviation f the LN returns of the security (in the underlying cash market) over the last 6 months period and is applied on the notional value of position. Premium Margin In addition to Span Margin, Premium Margin is charged to members. The premium margin is the client wise premium amount payable by the buyer of the option and is levied till the completion of pay-in towards the premium settlement. Assignment Margin Assignment Margin is levied on a CM in addition to SPAN margin and Premium Margin. It is levied on assigned positions of CMS towards interim and final exercise ettlement obligations for option contracts on index and individual securities till the pay-in towards exercise settlement is complete.

MMW Exam Topics Generator - How to Use it to Write High School Essay Topics

MMW Exam Topics Generator - How to Use it to Write High School Essay TopicsFinding the best possible essays for your high school or college writing requirements can be a difficult and time consuming process. Many high school students find that they don't have a great deal of academic writing experience, which causes them to feel at a disadvantage in comparison to more experienced and qualified candidates. And even if you do have some experience in the writing area, a large number of essay topics tend to require an extensive amount of background information and detail.Having difficulty finding the right topics can lead to a lack of focus and consequently, the inability to fulfill your main objectives for the assignment. While there are many ways to go about this task, the use of the MMW Exam Topics Generator tool should provide you with excellent results.'American Exceptionalism' is a fairly common topic, as most students will already be familiar with the basic characteristics of Amer ican values. However, it is important to remember that there are many varieties of American political and social opinions and beliefs, which means that you need to keep this fact in mind when writing about such things. Moreover, while you're writing on American politics, it's important to keep in mind the myriad of demographic differences between different American regions, such as the more rural areas versus the more urban areas.In order to avoid oversimplifying the topic or making the main objective of the essay seem too obvious, it's vital to stay flexible and be able to write in a way that will appeal to all possible readers. One way that you can do this is to make your ideas more complex, using big words and complicated sentences to catch the attention of the reader.Sometimes article topics are also of a somewhat controversial nature. Therefore, in order to create the perfect article, you should use careful research and detail to establish the main points of the piece. Then you can link these points back to other ideas that will help people to understand how it all ties together.It is also very important to present the main goal in a concise manner, rather than leading readers to believe that a specific action should be taken. Ideally, it should be fairly clear what you are trying to accomplish with the article topic, without over-explaining it. And while you're doing this, you may want to consider having an extra set of eyes to check the content to make sure that it's truly as it should be.And because of this, it's important to think of the general idea before you actually get down to the nitty-gritty of writing it. Rather than focusing on the day-to-day workings of something, it's usually better to look at the bigger picture in order to frame your arguments in a way that will appeal to those who are reading the essay. For example, if you're attempting to get a point across regarding how great a person looks, you should make the reader aware of the diffe rences between different types of skin, how their physique varies in height, and what people see when they see different types of people.While writing essay topics can often be difficult, there are a number of topics that are easy to write about and can be very interesting to read. If you use the MMW Exam Topics Generator and make use of the right type of research, you'll find that your essay topics will end up being enjoyable to read, and many times will improve your grades in class.

Venustiano Carranza, Revolutionary President of Mexico

Venustiano Carranza, Revolutionary President of Mexico Venustiano Carranza Garza (December 29, 1859–May 21, 1920) was a Mexican politician, warlord, and general. Before the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) he served as mayor of Cuatro Cià ©negas and as a congressman and senator. When the Revolution broke out, he initially allied himself with Francisco Maderos faction and independently raised his own army when Madero was assassinated. Carranza was president of Mexico from 1917–1920 but was unable to keep a lid on the chaos that had plagued his country since 1910. He was assassinated in Tlaxcalantongo in 1920 by troops led by General Rodolfo Herrero. Fast Facts: Venustiano Carranza Known For: Revolutionary leader and president of MexicoBorn: December 29, 1859 in Cuatro Cià ©negas, MexicoParents: Jesà ºs Carranza, mother unknownDied: May 21, 1920 in Tlaxcalantongo, Puebla, MexicoEducation: Ateneo Fuente, Escuela Nacional PreparatoriaSpouse(s): Virginia Salinas, Ernestina HernndezChildren: Rafael Carranza Hernndez, Leopoldo Carranza Salinas, Virginia Carranza, Jesà ºs Carranza Hernndez, Venustiano Carranza Hernndez Early Life Carranza was born into an upper-middle-class family in Cuatro Cià ©negas in the state of Coahuila on December 29, 1859. His father had been an officer in the army of Benito Jurez in the turbulent 1860s. This connection to Jurez would have a profound influence on Carranza, who idolized him. The Carranza family had money, and Venustiano was sent to excellent schools in Saltillo and Mexico City. He returned to Coahuila and dedicated himself to the family ranching business. Entry Into Politics The Carranzas had high ambitions, and with the backing of family money, Venustiano was elected mayor of his hometown. In 1893, he and his brothers rebelled against the rule of Coahuila Governor Josà © Marà ­a Garza, a crooked crony of President Porfirio Dà ­az. They were powerful enough to secure the nomination of a different governor. Carranza made some friends in high places in the process, including Bernardo Reyes, an important friend of Dà ­az. Carranza rose politically, becoming a congressman and senator. By 1908, it was widely assumed he would be the next governor of Coahuila. Personality Carranza was a tall man, standing a full 6-foot-4, and he looked very impressive with his long white beard and glasses. He was intelligent and stubborn but had very little charisma. A dour man, his lack of sense of humor was legendary. He was not the sort to inspire great loyalty, and his success in the revolution was mainly due to his ability to portray himself as a wise, stern patriarch who was the nations best hope for peace. His inability to compromise led to several severe setbacks. Although he was personally honest, he seemed indifferent to corruption in those who surrounded him. Carranza, Dà ­az, and Madero Carranza was not confirmed as governor by Dà ­az and he joined the movement of Francisco Madero, who had called for rebellion after the fraudulent 1910 election. Carranza did not contribute much to Maderos rebellion but was rewarded with the post of minister of war in Maderos cabinet, which infuriated revolutionaries such as Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco. Carranzas union with Madero was always tenuous, as Carranza was not a true believer in reform and he felt that a firmer hand (preferably his) was needed to rule Mexico. Madero and Huerta In 1913, Madero was betrayed and assassinated by one of his generals, a relic from the Dà ­az years named Victoriano Huerta. Huerta made himself president and Carranza rebelled. He drafted a Constitution that he named the Plan of Guadalupe and took to the field with a growing army. Carranzas small force largely sat out the early part of the revolt against Huerta. He formed an uneasy alliance with Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregà ³n, an engineer and farmer who raised an army in Sonora. United only by their hatred of Huerta, they turned on one another when their combined forces deposed him in 1914. Carranza Takes Charge Carranza had set up a government with himself as the head. This government printed money, passed laws, etc. When Huerta fell, Carranza (supported by Obregà ³n) was the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum. Hostilities with Villa and Zapata broke out almost immediately. Although Villa had a more formidable army, Obregà ³n was the better tactician and Carranza was able to portray Villa as a sociopathic bandit in the press. Carranza also held Mexicos two main ports and, therefore, was collecting more revenue than Villa. By the end of 1915, Villa was on the run and the United States government recognized Carranza as Mexicos leader. Carranza vs. Obregà ³n With Villa and Zapata out of the picture, Carranza was officially elected president in 1917. He brought very little change, however, and those who truly wanted to see a new, more liberal Mexico after the revolution were disappointed. Obregà ³n retired to his ranch, although the fighting continued- particularly against Zapata in the south. In 1919, Obregà ³n decided to run for president. Carranza attempted to crush his former ally, as he already had his handpicked successor in Ignacio Bonillas. Obregà ³ns supporters were repressed and killed and Obregà ³n himself decided that Carranza would never leave office peacefully. Death Obregà ³n brought his army to Mexico City, driving Carranza and his supporters out. Carranza headed to Veracruz to regroup, but the trains were attacked and he was forced to abandon them and go overland. He was received in the mountains by local chieftain Rodolfo Herrera, whose men opened fire on a sleeping Carranza late at night on May 21, 1920, killing him and his top advisors and supporters. Herrera was put on trial by Obregà ³n, but it was clear that no one missed Carranza: Herrera was acquitted. Legacy The ambitious Carranza made himself one of the most important figures in the Mexican Revolution because he truly believed that he knew what was best for the country. He was a planner and organizer and succeeded through clever politicking, whereas others relied on strength of arms. His defenders point out that he brought some stability to the country and provided a focus for the movement to remove the usurper Huerta. He made many mistakes, however. During the fight against Huerta, he was the first to declare that those who opposed him would be executed, as he considered his to be the only legitimate government in the land after the death of Madero. Other commanders followed suit, and the result was the death of thousands who might have been spared. His unfriendly, rigid nature made it difficult for him to retain his hold on power, especially when some of the alternative leaders, such as Villa and Obregà ³n, were much more charismatic. Today, Carranza is remembered as one of the â€Å"Big Four† of the Mexican Revolution, along with Zapata, Villa, and Obregà ³n. Although for most of the time between 1915 and 1920 he was more powerful than any of them, he is today probably the least remembered of the four. Historians point out Obregà ³ns tactical brilliance and rise to power in the 1920s, Villas legendary bravery, flair, style and leadership, and Zapatas unwavering idealism and vision. Carranza had none of these. Still, it was during his watch that the Mexican Constitution still used today was ratified and he was by far the lesser of two evils when compared to the man he replaced, Victoriano Huerta. He is remembered in the songs and legends of the north (although primarily as the butt of Villas jokes and pranks) and his place in the history of Mexico is secure. Sources Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Venustiano Carranza.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 8 Feb. 2019.McLynn, Frank. Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000.

Validity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Validity - Essay Example Validity can be face validity, criterion-related validity, formative validity and sampling validity (Klaus, Boyle and Simon, 13). Reliability and validity are related i.e. closely inter-dependent. Although validity cannot exist without reliability, the latter can exist without validity. Some of the systematic factors that affect both the reliability and validity of measurement include presence of unsystematic events, systematic inconsistency and the change in the event being measured. The unsystematic threats to reliability include subject reliability, situational reliability, observer reliability, instrument reliability and data processing reliability (Klaus, Boyle and Simon, 13). Some of the factors to consider in ensuring reliability and validity include time and money, difference in the measurement expected and reference to a previously validated measure. Some of the measures that can be applied in the improvement of the validity and reliability include ensuring that the goals ar e vividly defined and put into practice, matching the assessment measures to the set goals and objectives, presenting the tests for review to other interested parties, actively involving all participants in a measurement exercise, and comparing the measure with other measures that are

Critical Appraisal of Business Planning Process Essay - 2

Critical Appraisal of Business Planning Process - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that external market conditions change rapidly in certain industries, thus driving a need for innovation in order to compete with other businesses operating in the same market environment. Products and services both from an entrepreneurial business and the competitive environment have a specific life cycle by which it generates profitability and consumer adoption patterns. A product or service will move from growth to maturity, a period where sales decline and thus new product development becomes a critical internal activity of the organization. This is why generating new ideas becomes a paramount objective in the planning process, usually requiring the input of executive leadership and managers to determine how best to introduce a new product whilst still recognizing costs. In generating new product ideas, the business leaders must determine whether compromises will be made, opportunity costs or trade-offs, in order to launch a new product o r service on the market. â€Å"Will conventional wisdom be defied, an understanding that teams, plans and reflects on learning lead to reduced cost, risk and speed to market†?. Recognising the financial impact of new product development and market launch urgency must be considered when generating new ideas. Innovations, however, are critical to maintaining a stable market position.Strategy formulation determines the objectives necessary to achieve a long-term market position. The strategy defines sustainability over the long-run or whether growth is an expectation related to revenue-building. An entrepreneurial dimension of strategy is persisting to find a better fit in the competitive market or developing a vision by which the organization founds its values and organizational structure against. Developing a long-term orientation is necessary for business planning as it determines the strategic direction the business intends to pursue and thus resources are allocated toward m eeting this purpose.

Children and parents Essay Example for Free

Children and parents Essay A new age man is a man that a man that believes in equality and shares all household chores with is partner exactly and contributes equally as much as the women. This is different from a house husband because this is a man who has had a complete role reversal and takes on the traditional role of a house wife and stays at home full time. We cannot generalise about role relationships across society because changes in role relationships have not occurred at the same pace or to the same extent through all sectors of society. Role relationships vary according to social class and ethnicity. Home based entertainment, for example DIY give spouses things in common which gives them a friendlier and more loving relationship. Contraception has allowed couples to have children later and also it means that a lot of couples choose to have smaller families or no children at all. This does not apply to some religions such as Catholics who do not believe in using contraception. Women can now plan when to start their families and to have children resulting in them planning them around their careers. Feminism is an approach that fights for the equal rights of women. This is a large factor in the changing equality in the home because more women demand to be treat as their partners equal. It has lead to the rejection of the housewife role. There is an increase in male unemployment more men have become more involved in domestic tasks. Jane Wheelock (1990) conducted research into this topic and found that men undertook a lot more housework and childcare while unemployed. One survey showed that mothers that also worked outside home had it worse because they still spend more hours on housework a week then they do at their paid place of work. On average these women spend 62 hours a week on house hold tasks were fathers who also worked only spent 23 hours on house work. Another survey shows that some traditional gender role are still being passed down to the younger generations( 1992-93) such as girls still taking more of a part in cooking, cleaning and child care but boys are doing more things for themselves like cleaning their own rooms, making beds and washing their own clothes. Sometimes sociologists say that social class and ethnicity change role relationships. It is suggested that working class families are more male dominated (patriarchal). Evidence proves that middle class conjugal relationships are more equal than working class ones but it is also said that working class fathers are more involved in childcare. It is believed that Asian families are usually based on unfair patriarchal relationships. Westwood and Bhachu (1988) challenge this idea arguing that images of the Asian family are usually based on prejudice and prejudgement. They point out that Asian families are in fact British families and are a strong source of resistance against the racism of British society. In reality there are ethnic differences between Asian people in Britain according to religion and social class, which makes it hard to generalise about the Asian family. Henriques and Slaugher talk about the patriarchal relationships between men and women. This means that the relationship is male dominated. They talk about the two different segregated roles. Relationships between children and parents have changed over time but it has always varied between working, middle and upper class families. Throughout the nineteenth century life chances varied a lot for different classes for children. A paid employee such as a nanny would often look after higher-class children. This would often separate their children from their parents and so it would be harder for them to develop a strong bond. Working class children on the other hand, especially boys would often have to start work very young. There was a wider range of jobs for boys were available but girls would often have to work in cotton factories. The hours would be long and the pay and conditions would often be unfair. Poverty prevented parents sending their children to school and sometimes they would only send their boys but keep the girls at home to teach them how to be a good housewife. Mothers would often have a close relationship with her daughter. People used to have children so they could send them out to work to earn money for the family. Sometimes parents thought that education just blocked this. Another reason why people used to have children was so they had someone to take care of them in old age. Factors that changed these relationships included the growth of the welfare state, which meant people no longer needed children to look after them in old age. Parents could no longer send children out to work at such a young age because of protective legislation, this meant that law including factory and mine acts stopped it. There was a growth of the meaning of childhood and they remained children for longer because of the state of education in 1870 meant you had to attend school. Children were given more attention by parents, media and toys invented a new childhood and children and parents spent more time together. Today the relationship is usually warmer and more caring than in the past. Children are seen as more important and taken a lot more seriously. There have been changing attitudes towards discipline and laws against hitting children in Scotland. It is now seen as wrong to hurt a child, if they do organisations (social services) get involved. There is more of an emphasis on freedom and childrens rights. Relationships are more children centred and because family sizes are smaller children get more attention. In 1976 a law was passed to say that the minimum age of leaving school was 16 and though a child can work before then the hours and law restricts times. This means that children are financially dependent on their families for long periods of time especially if they go on to further education. Children are fully dependent on their parents and this can sometimes bring stress and tension to the family. Not all relationships between child and parents have improved as sadly cruelty to children is still widespread and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) estimate that around 600 children are intentionally harmed by their parents each year.